Muhammad Yunus

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মুহাম্মদ ইউনুস Muhammad Yunus
Born	28 June 1940 (1940-06-28) Chittagong, Bengal, British India (now Bangladesh)
Residence	Bangladesh
Nationality	Bangladeshi
Occupation	Banker Economist
Known for	Grameen Bank Microcredit
Religion	Islam
Children	2
Awards	Nobel Peace Prize (2006)

Muhammad Yunus (Bangla: মুহাম্মদ ইউনুস, pronounced Muhammôd Iunus) (born 28 June 1940) is a Bangladeshi banker and economist. He previously was a professor of economics where he developed the concept of microcredit. These loans are given to entrepreneurs too poor to qualify for traditional bank loans. Yunus is also the founder of Grameen Bank. In 2006, Yunus and the bank were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, "for their efforts to create economic and social development from below."^[1] Yunus himself has received several other national and international honors. He is the author of Banker to the Poor and a founding board member of Grameen America and Grameen Foundation. In early 2007 Yunus showed interest in launching a political party in Bangladesh named Nagorik Shakti (Citizen Power), but later discarded the plan. He is one of the founding members of Global Elders. Yunus also serves on the board of directors of the United Nations Foundation, a public charity created in 1998 with entrepreneur and philanthropist Ted Turner’s historic $1 billion gift to support United Nations causes. The UN Foundation builds and implements public-private partnerships to address the world’s most pressing problems, and broadens support for the UN.^[2]

[edit] Background

[edit] Early years

Muhammad Yunus at Chittagong Collegiate School, while visiting the school in 2003.

The third of nine children,^[3] Yunus was born on 28 June 1940 to a Muslim family in the village of Bathua, by the Boxirhat Road in Hathazari, Chittagong, then in Bengal Province of British India (now in Bangladesh).^[4] His father was Hazi Dula Mia Shoudagar, a jeweler, and his mother was Sufia Khatun. His early childhood years were spent in the village. In 1944, his family moved to the city of Chittagong, and he was shifted to Lamabazar Primary School from his village school.^[4][5] By 1949, his mother was afflicted with psychological illness.^[6] Later, he passed the matriculation examination from Chittagong Collegiate School securing the 16th position among 39,000 students in East Pakistan.^[5] During his school years, he was an active Boy Scout, and traveled to West Pakistan and India in 1952, and to Canada in 1955 to attend Jamborees.^[5] Later when Yunus was studying at Chittagong College, he became active in cultural activities and won awards for drama acting.^[5] In 1957, he enrolled in the department of economics at Dhaka University and completed his BA in 1960 and MA in 1961.

[edit] After graduation

Following his graduation, Yunus joined the Bureau of Economics as a research assistant to the economical researches of Professor Nurul Islam and Rehman Sobhan.^[5] Later he was appointed as a lecturer in economics in Chittagong College in 1961.^[5] During that time he also set up a profitable packaging factory on the side.^[6] He was offered a Fulbright scholarship in 1965 to study in the United States. He obtained his Ph.D. in economics from Vanderbilt University in the United States through the graduate program in Economic Development (GPED) in 1971.^[7] From 1969 to 1972, Yunus was an assistant professor of economics at Middle Tennessee State University in Murfreesboro, TN.

During the Liberation War of Bangladesh in 1971, Yunus founded a citizen's committee and ran the Bangladesh Information Center, with other Bangladeshis living in the United States, to raise support for liberation.^[5] He also published the Bangladesh Newsletter from his home in Nashville. After the War, Yunus returned to Bangladesh and was appointed to the government's Planning Commission headed by Nurul Islam. He found the job boring and resigned to join Chittagong University as head of the Economics department.^[8] He became involved with poverty reduction after observing the famine of 1974, and established a rural economic program as a research project. In 1975, he developed a Nabajug (New Era) Tebhaga Khamar (three share farm) which the government adopted as the Packaged Input Programme.^[5] In order to make the project more effective, Yunus and his associates proposed the Gram Sarkar (the village government) programme.^[9] Introduced by then president Ziaur Rahman in late 1970s, the Government formed 40,392 village governments (gram sarkar) as a fourth layer of government in 2003. On 2 August 2005, in response to a petition filed by Bangladesh Legal Aids and Services Trust (BLAST) the High Court had declared Gram Sarkar illegal and unconstitutional.^[10]

[edit] Grameen Bank

Grameen Bank Head Office at Mirpur-2, Dhaka

In 1976, during visits to the poorest households in the village of Jobra near Chittagong University, Yunus discovered that very small loans could make a disproportionate difference to a poor person. Jobra women who made bamboo furniture had to take out usurious loans for buying bamboo, to pay their profits to the moneylenders. His first loan, consisting of USD 27.00 from his own pocket, was made to 42 women in the village, who made a net profit of BDT 0.50 (USD 0.02) each on the loan, thus vastly improving Bangladesh's ability to export and import as it did in the past, resulting in a greater form of globalization and economic status.^[4]

Dr. Akhtar Hameed Khan, founder of the Pakistan Academy for Rural Development (now Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development), is credited alongside Yunus for pioneering the idea.^[11] From his experience at Jobra, Yunus, an admirer of Dr. Hameed,^[11] realized that the creation of an institution was needed to lend to those who had nothing.^[12] While traditional banks were not interested in making tiny loans at reasonable interest rates to the poor due to high repayment risks,^[13] Yunus believed that given the chance the poor will repay the borrowed money and hence microcredit could be a viable business model.

Yunus finally succeeded in securing a loan from the government Janata Bank to lend it to the poor in Jobra in December 1976. The institution continued to operate by securing loans from other banks for its projects. By 1982, the bank had 28,000 members. On 1 October 1983 the pilot project began operations as a full-fledged bank and was renamed the Grameen Bank (Village Bank) to make loans to poor Bangladeshis. Yunus and his colleagues encountered everything from violent radical leftists to the conservative clergy who told women that they would be denied a Muslim burial if they borrowed money from the Grameen Bank.^[6] As of July 2007, Grameen Bank has issued US$ 6.38 billion to 7.4 million borrowers.^[14] To ensure repayment, the bank uses a system of "solidarity groups". These small informal groups apply together for loans and its members act as co-guarantors of repayment and support one another's efforts at economic self-advancement.^[9]

The Grameen Bank started to diversify in the late 1980s when it started attending to unutilized or underutilized fishing ponds, as well as irrigation pumps like deep tubewells.^[15] In 1989, these diversified interests started growing into separate organizations, as the fisheries project became Grameen Motsho (Grameen Fisheries Foundation) and the irrigation project became Grameen Krishi (Grameen Agriculture Foundation).^[15] Over time, the Grameen initiative has grown into a multi-faceted group of profitable and non-profit ventures, including major projects like Grameen Trust and Grameen Fund, which runs equity projects like Grameen Software Limited, Grameen CyberNet Limited, and Grameen Knitwear Limited,^[16] as well as Grameen Telecom, which has a stake in Grameenphone (GP), biggest private sector phone company in Bangladesh.^[17] The Village Phone (Polli Phone) project of GP has brought cell-phone ownership to 260,000 rural poor in over 50,000 villages since the beginning of the project in March 1997.^[18]

The success of the Grameen model of microfinancing has inspired similar efforts in a hundred countries throughout the developing world and even in industrialized nations, including the United States.^[19] Many, but not all, microcredit projects also retain its emphasis on lending specifically to women. More than 94% of Grameen loans have gone to women, who suffer disproportionately from poverty and who are more likely than men to devote their earnings to their families.^[20] For his work with the Grameen Bank, Yunus was named an Ashoka: Innovators for the Public Global Academy Member in 2001.^[21]

[edit] Recognitions

Muhammad Yunus was awarded the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize, along with Grameen Bank, for their efforts to create economic and social development. In the prize announcement The Norwegian Nobel Committee mentioned:^[1]

Muhammad Yunus at the Grand Hotel in Oslo, Norway

Muhammad Yunus has shown himself to be a leader who has managed to translate visions into practical action for the benefit of millions of people, not only in Bangladesh, but also in many other countries. Loans to poor people without any financial security had appeared to be an impossible idea. From modest beginnings three decades ago, Yunus has, first and foremost through Grameen Bank, developed micro-credit into an ever more important instrument in the struggle against poverty.

Muhammad Yunus was the first Bangladeshi and third Bengali to ever get a Nobel Prize. After receiving the news of the important award, Yunus announced that he would use part of his share of the $1.4 million award money to create a company to make low-cost, high-nutrition food for the poor; while the rest would go toward setting up an eye hospital for the poor in Bangladesh.^[22]

Former U.S. president Bill Clinton was a vocal advocate for the awarding of the Nobel Prize to Muhammed Yunus. He expressed this in Rolling Stone magazine^[23] as well as in his autobiography My Life.^[24] In a speech given at University of California, Berkeley in 2002, President Clinton described Dr. Yunus as "a man who long ago should have won the Nobel Prize [and] I’ll keep saying that until they finally give it to him."^[25] Conversely, The Economist stated explicitly that Yunus was a poor choice for the award, stating: "...the Nobel committee could have made a braver, more difficult, choice by declaring that there would be no recipient at all." ^[26]

Muhammad Yunus at the Annual Meeting 2009 of the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland.

He has won a number of other awards, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009,^[27] the King Abdul Aziz medal in 2007,^[28] the Ramon Magsaysay Award,^[29] the World Food Prize,^[30] the Sydney Peace Prize,^[31] and in December 2007 the Ecuadorian Peace Prize.^[32] Additionally, Dr. Yunus has been awarded 26 honorary doctorate degrees, and 15 special awards.^[33] Bangladesh government brought out a commemorative stamp to honor his Nobel Award.^[34] In January 2008, Houston, Texas declared 14 January as "Muhammad Yunus Day".^[35] He was invited and gave the MIT commencement address delivered on 6 June 2008,^[36] and Oxford's Romanes Lecture on 2 December 2008.^[37] He received the Dwight D. Eisenhower Medal for Leadership and Service from the Eisenhower Fellowships at a ceremony in Philadelphia on 21 May 2009. He was also voted 2nd in Prospect Magazine's 2008 global poll of the world's top 100 intellectuals.^[38]

Yunus was named among the most desired thinkers the world should listen to by the FP 100 (world's most influential elite) in the December 2009 issue of Foreign Policy magazine. ^[39] On March 1st, 2010, Yunus was awarded the prestigious Presidential Award from the University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign). This is the highest honor available from the University.

On May 15th, 2010, Yunus gave the commencement speech at Rice University for the graduating class of 2010.

On May 16th, 2010, Yunus gave the commencement speech at Duke University for the graduating class of 2010. During this ceremony, he was also awarded with a honorary degree, Doctor of Humane Letters.

[edit] Political activity

Muhammad Yunus at a book signing at the London School of Economics with a masters student.

In early 2006 Yunus, along with other members of the civil society including Professor Rehman Sobhan, Justice Muhammad Habibur Rahman, Dr Kamal Hossain, Matiur Rahman, Mahfuz Anam and Debapriya Bhattchariya, participated in a campaign for honest and clean candidates in national elections.^[40] He considered entering politics in the later part of that year.^[41] On 11 February 2007, Yunus wrote an open letter, published in the Bangladeshi newspaper Daily Star, where he asked citizens for views on his plan to float a political party to establish political goodwill, proper leadership and good governance. In the letter, he called on everyone to briefly outline how he should go about the task and how they can contribute to it.^[42] Yunus finally announced the foundation of a new party tentatively called Citizens' Power (Nagorik Shakti) on 18 February 2007.^[43][44] There was speculation that the army supported a move by Yunus into politics.^[45] On 3 May, however, Yunus declared that he had decided to abandon his political plans following a meeting with the head of the interim government, Fakhruddin Ahmed.^[46].

On 18 July 2007 in Johannesburg, South Africa, Nelson Mandela, Graça Machel, and Desmond Tutu convened a group of world leaders to contribute their wisdom, independent leadership and integrity together to the world. Nelson Mandela announced the formation of this new group, The Global Elders, in a speech he delivered on the occasion of his 89th birthday.^[47][48] Archbishop Tutu is to serve as the Chair of The Elders. The founding members of this group include Machel, Yunus, Kofi Annan, Ela Bhatt, Gro Harlem Brundtland, Jimmy Carter, Li Zhaoxing, and Mary Robinson. The Elders are to be independently funded by a group of Founders, including Richard Branson, Peter Gabriel, Ray Chambers; Michael Chambers; Bridgeway Foundation; Pam Omidyar, Humanity United; Amy Robbins; Shashi Ruia, Dick Tarlow; and The United Nations Foundation. Yunus is a member of the Africa Progress Panel (APP), an independent authority on Africa launched in April 2007 to focus world leaders’ attention on delivering their commitments to the continent. The Panel launched a major report in London on Monday 16 June 2008 entitled Africa's Development: Promises and Prospects^[49].

In July 2009, Yunus became a member of the SNV Netherlands Development Organisation International Advisory Board to support the organisation's poverty reduction work^[50].

[edit] Family

In 1967 while Yunus attended Vanderbilt University, he met Vera Forostenko, a student of Russian literature at Vanderbilt University and daughter of Russian immigrants to Trenton, New Jersey, U.S. They were married in 1970.^[6][8] Yunus's marriage with Vera ended within months of the birth of their baby girl, Monica Yunus (b. 1979 Chittagong), as Vera returned to New Jersey claiming that Bangladesh was not a good place to raise a baby.^[6][8] Yunus later married Afrozi Yunus, who was then a researcher in physics at Manchester University.^[8] She was later appointed as a professor of physics at Jahangirnagar University. Their daughter Deena Afroz Yunus was born in 1986.^[8]

His brothers are also active in academia. His brother Muhammad Ibrahim is a professor of physics at Dhaka University and the founder of The Center for Mass Education in Science (CMES), which brings science education to adolescent girls in villages.^[51] His younger brother Muhammad Jahangir is a popular television presenter and a well known social activist in Bangladesh. He is also the moderator of several Talk show programmes in Bangladesh. Monica, the elder daughter of Yunus, is a Bangladeshi-Russian American soprano singer, working in New York City.^[52]

[edit] Publications

Books by Muhammad Yunus

Articles by Muhammed Yunus

• World Policy Journal: Economic Security for a World in Crisis <http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/wopj.2009.26.2.5>; World Policy Journal; Summer 2009;

On Muhammad Yunus

[edit] See also

Sustainable development portal

Bangladesh portal

• Microfinance
• Social business
• Ashoka: Innovators for the Public
• Islamic banking
• The Green Children

[edit] References

[edit] External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Muhammad Yunus

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Muhammad Yunus

• MuhammadYunus.org - Official website of Dr. Muhammad Yunus.
• Muhammad Yunus Receives the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize - A Photo Essay by Scott London
• The next steps for microcredit Interview with Muhammad Yunus
• PBS Biography An article on Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank.
• UN Foundation Board of Directors
• Interview with Muhammad Yunus by INSEAD Knowledge in February 2008
• In depth interview with Muhammad Yunus on Radio France International in August 2008

[edit] Videos

• Lecture by Muhammad Yunus at MIT (53 minutes)
• Nobel Prize lecture
• A Lecture by Muhammad Yunus, on BUniverse, Boston University's video lecture archive.
• A Collection of Video Documentaries about Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank
• International Forum Social Entrepreneurship Award: Honoring Muhammad Yunus -- video
• Charlie Rose interview Muhammad Yunus -- 58 mins video interview
• Yunus speaks at Council on Foreign Relations - Nov 16th, 2006
• Documentary film Bonsai-Celebrating the Vision of Muhammad Yunus