This is a table of muscles of the human anatomy.
There are approximately 640, skeletal muscles within the typical human, and almost every muscle constitutes one part of a pair of identical bilateral muscles, found on both sides, resulting in approximately 320 pairs of muscles, as presented in this article. Nevertheless, the exact number is difficult to define because different sources group muscles differently, e.g. regarding what is defined as different parts of a single muscle or as several muscles. Examples range from 640 to 850[1].
The muscles of the human body can be categorized into a number of groups which include muscles relating to the head and neck, muscles of the torso or trunk, muscles of the upper limbs, and muscles of the lower limbs.
The action refers to the action of each muscle from the standard anatomical position. In other positions, other actions may be performed.
[edit] Muscles of head and neck: the head
[edit] Scalp/Eyelid
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| occipitofrontalis | 2 occipital bellies and 2 frontal bellies. | galea aponeurotica | facial nerve | raises the eyebrows | ||
| occipitalis | superior nuchal line of the occipital bone mastoid part of the temporal bone | galea aponeurotica | occipital artery | posterior auricular nerve (facial nerve) | wrinkles eyebrow | |
| frontalis | galea aponeurotica | Mastoid process | ophthalmic artery | facial nerve | wrinkles eyebrow | |
| orbicularis oculi | frontal bone; medial palpebral ligament; lacrimal bone | lateral palpebral raphe | ophthalmic, zygomatico-orbital, angular | zygomatic branch of facial | closes eyelids | levator palpebrae superioris |
| corrugator supercilii | superciliary arches | forehead skin, near eyebrow | facial nerve | wrinkles forehead | ||
| depressor supercilii | Medial orbital rim | Medial aspect of bony orbit | facial nerve | Depression of eyebrow |
[edit] Extraocular muscles
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| levator palpebrae superioris | sphenoid bone | tarsal plate, upper eyelid | ophthalmic artery | oculomotor nerve | retracts//elevates eyelid | orbicularis oculi muscle |
| superior tarsal | underside of levator palpebrae superioris | superior tarsal plate of the eyelid | ophthalmic artery | sympathetic nervous system | raise the upper eyelid |
Rectus:
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Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist superior annulus of Zinn at the orbital apex 7.5 mm superior to the corneal limbus oculomotor nerve elevates, adducts, and rotates medially the eye inferior annulus of Zinn at the orbital apex 6.5 mm inferior to the corneal limbus inferior branch of oculomotor nerve depression and adduction medial annulus of Zinn at the orbital apex 5.5 mm medial to the corneal limbus inferior division of the oculomotor nerve adducts the eyeball lateral annulus of Zinn at the orbital apex 7 mm temporal to the corneal limbus abducens nerve abducts the eyeball
Oblique:
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Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist superior annulus of Zinn at the orbital apex, medial to optic canal Outer posterior quadrant of the eyeball lateral muscular branch of the ophthalmic artery trochlear nerve primary: intorsion. secondary:abduct (laterally rotate) and depress the eyeball inferior orbital surface of the maxilla, lateral to the lacrimal groove laterally onto the eyeball, deep to the lateral rectus, by a short flat tendon oculomotor nerve extorsion, elevation, abduction
[edit] Intraocular
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| ciliary | oculomotor nerve (parasympathetics) | accommodation | ||||
| iris dilator | superior cervical ganglion (sympathetics) | pupil dilation | iris sphincter muscle | |||
| iris sphincter | short ciliary nerves | constricts pupil | iris dilator muscle |
[edit] Ear
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| auriculares | galeal aponeurosis | front of the helix, cranial surface of the pinna | facial nerve | (Wiggle ears) | ||
| temporoparietalis | Auriculares muscles | galea aponeurotica | ||||
| stapedius | neck of stapes | facial nerve | control the amplitude of sound waves to the inner ear | |||
| tensor tympani | Eustachian tube | handle of the malleus | superior tympanic artery | medial pterygoid nerve from mandibular nerve | tensing the tympanic membrane |
[edit] Nose
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| procerus | From fascia over the lower of the nasal bone | skin of the lower part of the forehead between the eyebrows | Buccal branch of the facial nerve | Draws down the medial angle of the eyebrow giving expressions of frowning | ||
| nasalis | Maxilla | Nasal bone | Buccal branch of the facial nerve | Compresses bridge, depresses tip of nose, elevates corners of nostrils |
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Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist dilatator naris margin of the nasal notch of the maxilla, greater andlesser alar cartilages skin near the margin of the nostril Buccal branch of the facial nerve Dilation of nostrils
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| depressor septi nasi | incisive fossa of the maxilla | nasal septum and back part of the alar part of nasalis muscle | Buccal branch of the facial nerve | Depression of nasal septum | ||
| levator labii superioris alaeque nasi | maxilla | nostril and upper lip | buccal branch of the facial nerve | dilates [disambiguation needed] the nostril; elevates the upper lip and wing of the nose |
[edit] Mouth
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| levator anguli oris | maxilla | modiolus of mouth | facial artery | facial nerve | smile (elevates angle of mouth) | |
| depressor anguli oris | tubercle of mandible | modiolus of mouth | facial artery | mandibular branch of facial nerve | depresses angle of mouth |
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| levator labii superioris | Medial infra-orbital margin | Skin and muscle of the upper lip (labii superioris) | facial artery | buccal branch of the facial nerve | Elevates the upper lip | |
| depressor labii inferioris | oblique line of the mandible, between the symphysis and the mental foramen | integument of the lower lip, Orbicularis oris fibers, its fellow of the opposite side | facial nerve | depress the lower lip |
Zygomaticus:
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Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist major anterior of zygomatic [disambiguation needed] modiolus of mouth facial artery buccal branch of the facial nerve draws angle of mouth upward and laterally minor zygomatic bone skin of the upper lip facial artery facial nerve, buccal branch elevates upper lip
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| mentalis | anterior mandible | chin | mandibular branch of facial nerve | elevates and wrinkles skin of chin, protrudes lower lip | ||
| buccinator | alveolar processes of the maxillary bone and mandible, pterygomandibular raphe | in the fibres of the orbicularis oris | buccal artery | buccal branch of the facial nerve | compress the cheeks against the teeth (blowing), mastication. | |
| orbicularis oris | Maxilla and mandible | Skin around the lips | buccal branch of the facial nerve | pucker the lips | ||
| risorius | parotid fascia | modiolus | facial artery | Buccal branch of the facial nerve | draw back angle of mouth |
[edit] Mastication
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| masseter | zygomatic arch and maxilla | coronoid process and ramus of mandible | masseteric artery | masseteric nerve (V3) | elevation (as in closing of the mouth) and retraction of mandible | Platysma muscle |
| temporalis | temporal lines on the parietal bone of the skull | coronoid process of the mandible | deep temporal | third branch (mandibular nerve) of the trigeminal nerve | elevation and retraction of mandible | Platysma muscle |
Pterygoid:
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Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist lateral Great wing of sphenoid and pterygoid plate Condyle of mandible pterygoid branches of maxillary artery external pterygoid nerve from the mandibular nerve depresses mandible medial deep head: medial side of lateral pterygoid plate behind the upper teeth
superficial head: pyramidal process of palatine bone and maxillary tuberositymedial angle of the mandible pterygoid branches of maxillary artery mandibular nerve via nerve to medial pterygoid elevates mandible, closes jaw, helps lateral pterygoids in moving the jaw from side to side
[edit] Tongue
[edit] Extrinsic
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| genioglossus | Superior part of mental spine of mandible (symphysis menti) | Dorsum of tongue and body of hyoid | Lingual artery | hypoglossal nerve | Complex - Inferior fibers protrude the tongue, middle fibers depress the tongue, and its superior fibers draw the tip back and down | |
| hyoglossus | hyoid | side of the tongue | hypoglossal nerve | |||
| chondroglossus | lesser cornu and body of the hyoid bone | intrinsic muscular fibers of the tongue | hypoglossal nerve | |||
| styloglossus | Styloid process of temporal bone | tongue | Hypoglossal nerve |
[edit] Intrinsic
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| superior longitudinal | close to the epiglottis, from the median fibrous septum | edges of the tongue | hypoglossal nerve | |||
| inferior longitudinal | root of the tongue | apex of the tongue | Hypoglossal nerve | |||
| transversus | median fibrous septum | sides of the tongue | hypoglossal nerve |
[edit] Soft palate
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| levator veli palatini | temporal bone, Eustachian tube | palatine aponeurosis | facial artery | vagus nerve | elevates soft palate | |
| tensor veli palatini | medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone | palatine aponeurosis | medial pterygoid of mandibular nerve | tension of the soft palate | ||
| musculus uvulae | hard palate | palatine aponeurosis | pharyngeal plexus [disambiguation needed] | |||
| palatoglossus | palatine aponeurosis | tongue | vagus nerve and cranial accessory nerve | raising the back part of the tongue | ||
| palatopharyngeus | palatine aponeurosis and hard palate | Upper border of thyroid cartilage (blends with constrictor fibers) | Facial artery | vagus nerve and cranial accessory nerve | pulls pharynx and larynx |
[edit] Pharynx
Pharyngeal constrictor:
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Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist inferior cricoid and thyroid cartilage pharyngeal raphe external laryngeal branch of the vagus Swallowing middle hyoid bone pharyngeal raphe Vagus nerve Swallowing superior medial pterygoid plate, pterygomandibular raphé, alveolar process pharyngeal raphe, pharyngeal tubercle Vagus nerve Swallowing
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| stylopharyngeus | Styloid process (temporal) | thyroid cartilage (pharynx) | glossopharyngeal nerve | elevate the larynx, elevate the pharynx, swallowing | ||
| salpingopharyngeus | cartilage of the Eustachian tube | posterior fasciculus [disambiguation needed] of the pharyngopalatinus muscle | vagus nerve and cranial accessory nerve | raise the nasopharynx |
[edit] Larynx
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| cricothyroid | Anterior and lateral cricoid cartilage | Inferior cornu and lamina of the thyroid cartilage | external laryngeal branch of the vagus | tension and elongation of the vocal folds (has minor adductory effect) |
Cricoarytenoid:
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Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist posterior posterior part of the cricoid muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus abducts and laterally rotates the cartilage, pulling the vocal ligaments away from the midline and forward and so opening the rima glottidis Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle lateral lateral part of the arch of the cricoid muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus adduct and medially rotate the cartilage, pulling the vocal ligaments towards the midline and backwards and so closing off the rima glottidis
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| arytenoid | Arytenoid cartilage on one side | Arytenoid cartilage on opposite side | recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus | approximate the arytenoid cartilages (close rima glottidis) | ||
| thyroarytenoid | Inner surface of the thyroid cartilage (anterior aspect) | Anterior surface of arytenoid cartilage | recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus | thickens the vocal folds and decreases length; also helps helps to adduct the vocal folds during speech |
[edit] Muscles of head and neck: the neck
[edit] Cervical
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| platysma | inferior clavicle and fascia of chest | mandible | cervical branch of the facial nerve (CN VII) | Draws the corners of the mouth inferiorly and widens it (as in expressions of sadness and fright). Also draws the skin of the neck superiorly when teeth are clenched | Masseter, Temporalis | |
| sternocleidomastoid | manubrium sterni, medial portion of the clavicle | mastoid process of the temporal bone, superior nuchal line | occipital artery and the superior thyroid artery | motor: accessory nerve sensory: cervical plexus | Acting alone, tilts head to its own side and rotates it so the face is turned towards the opposite side. Acting together, flexes the neck, raises the sternum and assists in forced inspiration. || |
[edit] Suprahyoid
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| digastric | anterior belly - digastric fossa (mandible); posterior belly - mastoid process of temporal bone | Intermediate tendon (hyoid bone) | anterior belly - mandibular division of the trigeminal (CN V) via the mylohyoid nerve; posterior belly - facial nerve (CN VII) | Opens the jaw when the masseter and the temporalis are relaxed. | ||
| stylohyoid | styloid process (temporal) | greater cornu of hyoid bone | facial nerve (CN VII) | Elevate the hyoid during swallowing | ||
| mylohyoid | Mylohyoid line (mandible) | Median raphé [disambiguation needed] | mylohyoid branch of inferior alveolar artery | mylohyoid nerve, from inferior alveolar branch of mandibular nerve [V3] | Raises oral cavity floor, elevates hyoid, depresses mandible | |
| geniohyoid | Symphysis menti | hyoid bone | C1 via hypoglossal nerve | carry hyoid bone and the tongue upward during deglutition |
[edit] Infrahyoid/Strap
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| sternohyoid | manubrium of sternum | hyoid bone | ansa cervicalis | depress hyoid bone | ||
| sternothyroid | manubrium | thyroid cartilage | Ansa cervicalis | Elevates larynx, may slightly depress hyoid bone | ||
| thyrohyoid | thyroid cartilage | hyoid bone | first cervical nerve | depress hyoid bone | ||
| omohyoid | Upper border of the scapula | Hyoid bone | Ansa cervicalis | Depresses the larynx and hyoid bone. Carries hyoid bone backward and to the side |
[edit] Vertebral
[edit] Anterior
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| longus colli | Transverse processes of C-3 - C-6 | Inferior surface of the occipital bone | C2, C3, C4, C5, C6 | Flexes the neck and head | ||
| longus capitis | anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebrae | basilar part of the occipital bone | C1, C2, C3/C4 | flexion of neck at atlanto-occipital joint | ||
| rectus capitis anterior | atlas | occipital bone | C1 | flexion of neck at atlanto-occipital joint | ||
| rectus capitis lateralis | upper surface of the transverse process of the atlas | under surface of the jugular process of the occipital bone | C1 |
[edit] Lateral
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| scalene | cervical vertebrae (C2-C7) | first and second ribs | Ascending cervical artery (branch of Inferior thyroid artery) | cervical nerves (C3, C4, C5, C6, C7 | elevation of ribs I&II |
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Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist anterior C3-C6 first rib Ascending cervical artery (branch of Inferior thyroid artery) ventral ramus of C5, C6 medius C2-C6 first rib Ascending cervical artery (branch of Inferior thyroid artery) Ventral rami of the third to eighth cervical spinal nerves Elevate 1st rib, rotate the neck to the opposite side posterior transverse processes of C4 - C6 2nd rib Ascending cervical artery, superficial cervical artery C6, C7, C8 Elevate 2nd rib, tilt the neck to the same side
[edit] Muscles of torso
[edit] Back
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Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist capitis Ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of C7-T6 Mastoid process of temporal and occipital bone C3, C4 Extend, rotate, and laterally flex the head cervicis spinous processes of T3-T6 transverse processes of C1, C2, C3 C5, C6
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| erector spinae | on the spines of the last four thoracic vertebræ | both the spines of the most cranial thoracic vertebrae and the cervical vertebrae | lateral sacral artery | posterior branch of spinal nerve | extends the vertebral column | Rectus abdominis muscle |
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Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist iliocostalis lateral sacral artery longissimus transverse process transverse process lateral sacral artery posterior branch of spinal nerve Rectus abdominis muscle spinalis spinous process spinous process lateral sacral artery posterior branch of spinal nerve Rectus abdominis muscle
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| latissimus dorsi | spinous processes of thoracic T6-T12, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest and inferior 3 or 4 ribs | floor of intertubercular groove of the humerus | subscapular artery, dorsal scapular artery | thoracodorsal nerve | pulls the forelimb dorsally and caudally | deltoid, trapezius |
| transversospinales | transverse process | spinous process | posterior branches |
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Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist semispinalis dorsi transverse processes of the sixth to the tenth thoracic vertebræ spinous processes of the upper four thoracic and lower two cervical vertebrae semispinalis cervicis transverse processes of the upper five or six thoracic vertebræ cervical spinous processes, from the axis to the fifth Semispinalis capitis Transversal process of lower cervical and higher thoracal columna Area between superior and inferior nuchal line Greater occipital nerve Extend the head multifidus Sacrum, Erector spinae Aponeurosis, PSIS, and Iliac crest spinous process Posterior branches Stabilizes vertebrae in local movements of vertebral column rotatores transverse process spinous process posterior branch
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| interspinales | Spinous process | Spinous process | Posterior rami of spinal nerves | Extension, flexion and rotation of vertebral column. | ||
| intertransversarii | Transverse process | Transverse process above | Anterior rami of spinal nerves | Lateral flexion of trunk |
[edit] Suboccipital
Rectus capitis posterior:
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Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist major Spinous process of the axis (C2) Inferior nucheal line of the occipital bone Dorsal ramus of C1 (suboccipital nerve) minor the tubercle on the posterior arch of the atlas the medial part of the inferior nuchal line of the occipital bone and the surface between it and the foramen magnum a branch of the dorsal primary division of the suboccipital nerve extends the head at the neck, but is now considered to be more of a sensory organ than a muscle
obliquus capitis:
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Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist inferior spinous process of the axis lateral mass of atlas suboccipital nerve superior lateral mass of atlas lateral half of the inferior nuchal line suboccipital nerve
[edit] Chest
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| intercostales | ribs 1-11 | ribs 2-12 | intercostal arteries | intercostal nerves |
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Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist external intercostal arteries intercostal nerves Inhalation internal internal rib - inferior border rib - superior border intercostal arteries intercostal nerves hold ribs steady external innermost intercostal arteries intercostal nerves
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| subcostales | inner surface of one rib | inner surface of the second or third rib above, near its angle | intercostal nerves | |||
| transversus thoracis | costal cartilages of last 3-4 ribs, body of sternum, xiphoid process | ribs/costal cartilages 2-6 | intercostal arteries | intercostal nerves | depresses ribs | |
| levatores costarum | Transverse processes of C7 to T12 vertebrae | Superior surfaces of the ribs immediately inferior to the preceding vertebrae | dorsal rami - C8, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11 | Assists in elevation of the thoracic rib cage |
serratus posterior:
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Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist inferior vertebrae T11 - L3 the inferior borders of the 9th through 12th ribs intercostal arteries intercostal nerves depress the lower ribs, aiding in expiration superior nuchal ligament (or ligamentum nuchae) and the spinous processes of the vertebrae C7 through T3 the upper borders of the 2nd through 5th ribs intercostal arteries 2nd through 5th intercostal nerves elevate the ribs which aids in inspiration diaphragm Pericardiacophrenic artery, Musculophrenic artery, Inferior phrenic arteries phrenic and lower intercostal nerves respiration
[edit] Abdomen
obliques:
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Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist external Lower 8 costae Crista iliaca, ligamentum inguinale intercostal nerves T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, subcostal nerve (T12) Rotates torso internal Inguinal ligament, Iliac crest and the Lumbodorsal fascia Linea alba, Xiphoid process and the inferior ribs. intercostal nerves T8, T9, T10, T11, subcostal nerve (T12), iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve Compresses abdomen and rotates vertebral column.
[edit] Pelvis
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Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist iliococcygeus ischial spine and from the posterior part of the tendinous arch of the pelvic fascia coccyx and anococcygeal raphe supports the viscera in pelvic cavity pubococcygeus back of the pubis and from the anterior part of the obturator fascia coccyx and sacrum controls urine flow and contracts during orgasm puborectalis lower part of the symphysis pubis S3, S4. levator ani nerve [4] inhibit defecation
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| coccygeus | Sacrospinous ligament | sacral nerves: S4, S5 [3][5] or S3-S4[6] | closing in the back part of the outlet of the pelvis |
[edit] Perineum
sphincter ani:
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Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist externus S4 and twigs from inferior anal nerves of pudendal nerve keep the anal canal and anus closed, aids in the expulsion of the feces internus pudendal nerve keep the anal canal and anus closed, aids in the expulsion of the feces
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Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist transversus perinei superficialis anterior part of ischial tuberosity central point of perineum pudendal nerve bulbospongiosus Median raphé [disambiguation needed] Perineal artery pudendal nerve in males, empties the urethra; in females, clenches the vagina ischiocavernosus Perineal artery pudendal nerve assists the bulbospongiosus muscle
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Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist transversus perinei profundus inferior rami of the ischium its fellow of the opposite side pudendal nerve sphincter urethrae membranaceae junction of the inferior rami [disambiguation needed] of the pubis and ischium to the extent of 1.25 to 2 cm., and from the neighboring fasciæ its fellow of the opposite side perineal branch of the pudendal nerve (S2, S3, S4) Constricts urethra, maintain urinary continence
[edit] Muscles of upper limbs
[edit] Vertebral column
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Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist rhomboid major spinous processes of the T2 to T5 vertebrae medial border of the scapula, inferior to the insertion of rhomboid minor muscle dorsal scapular artery dorsal scapular nerve (C4 and C5) Retracts the scapula and rotates it to depress the glenoid cavity. It also fixes the scapula to the thoracic wall. Serratus anterior muscle rhomboid minor nuchal ligaments and spinous processes of C7- to T1 vertebrae medial border of the scapula, superior to the insertion of rhomboid major muscle dorsal scapular artery dorsal scapular nerve (C4 and C5) Retracts the scapula and rotates it to depress the glenoid cavity. It also fixes the scapula to the thoracic wall. Serratus anterior muscle
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| levator scapulae | Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1 - C4 vertebrae | Superior part of medial border of scapula | dorsal scapular artery | cervical nerve (C3, C4) and dorsal scapular nerve (C5) | Elevates scapula and tilts its glenoid cavity inferiorly by rotating scapula |
[edit] Thoracic walls
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| pectoralis major | anterior surface of the medial half of the clavicle. Sternocostal head: anterior surface of the sternum, the superior six costal cartilages | intertubercular groove of the humerus | pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial trunk | lateral pectoral nerve and medial pectoral nerve Clavicular head: C5 and C6 Sternocostal head: C7, C8 and T1 | Clavicular head: flexes the humerus Sternocostal head: extends the humerus As a whole, adducts and medially rotates the humerus. It also draws the scapula anteriorly and inferiorly. | |
| pectoralis minor | 3rd to 5th ribs, near their costal cartilages | medial border and superior surface of the coracoid process of the scapula | Pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial trunk | Medial pectoral nerves (C8, T1) | stabilizes the scapula by drawing it inferiorly and anteriorly against the thoracic wall | |
| subclavius | first rib | subclavian groove of clavicle | thoracoacromial artery, clavicular branch | nerve to subclavius | depression of clavicle | |
| serratus anterior | fleshy slips from the outer surface of upper 8 or 9 ribs | costal aspect of medial margin of the scapula | lateral thoracic artery (upper part), thoracodorsal artery (lower part) | long thoracic nerve (from roots of brachial plexus C5, C6, C7) | protract and stabilize scapula, assists in upward rotation | Rhomboid major, Rhomboid minor, Trapezius |
[edit] Shoulder
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| deltoid | clavicle, acromion, spine of the scapula | deltoid tuberosity of humerus | primarily posterior circumflex humeral artery | Axillary nerve | shoulder abduction, flexion and extension | Latissimus dorsi |
| teres major | posterior aspect of the inferior angle of the scapula | medial lip of the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus | Subscapular and circumflex scapular arteries | Lower subscapular nerve (segmental levels C5 and C6) | Internal rotation of the humerus | |
| Rotator cuff: | Various aspects of scapula | greater tubercle of humerus, except subscapularis, which inserts on lesser tubercle of humerus. | lateral rotation (Infraspinatus teres minor), medial rotation (subscapularis), abduction (supraspinatus) [7] |
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Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist supraspinatus supraspinous fossa of scapula superior facet of greater tubercle of humerus suprascapular artery suprascapular nerve abduction of arm and stabilizes humerus infraspinatus infraspinous fossa of the scapula middle facet of greater tubercle of the humerus suprascapular and circumflex scapular arteries suprascapular nerve Lateral rotation of arm & Adduction of arm and stabilizes humerus teres minor lateral border of the scapula inferior facet of greater tubercle of the humerus posterior circumflex humeral artery and the circumflex scapular artery axillary nerve laterally rotates and adducts the arm subscapularis subscapular fossa lesser tubercle of humerus subscapular artery upper subscapular nerve, lower subscapular nerve (C5, C6) rotates medially humerus; stabilizes shoulder
[edit] Arm
[edit] Anterior compartment
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| coracobrachialis | coracoid process of scapula | medial humerus | brachial artery | musculocutaneous nerve | adducts humerus | |
| biceps brachii | short head: coracoid process of the scapula. long head: supraglenoid tubercle | radial tuberosity | brachial artery | Musculocutaneous nerve (Lateral cord: C5, C6, C7) | flexes elbow and supinates forearm | Triceps brachii muscle |
| brachialis | anterior surface of the humerus, particularly the distal half of this bone | coronoid process and the tuberosity of the ulna | radial recurrent artery | musculocutaneous nerve | flexion at elbow joint |
[edit] Posterior compartment
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| triceps brachii | long head: scapula lateral head: posterior humerus medial head: posterior humerus | olecranon process of ulna | Profunda brachii | radial nerve | extends forearm, caput longum adducts shoulder | Biceps brachii muscle |
| anconeus | Lateral epicondyle of the humerus | lateral surface of the olecranon process and the superior part of the posterior ulna | Profunda brachii, recurrent interosseous artery | radial nerve (C7, C8, and T1) | partly blended in with the triceps, which it assists in extension of the forearm. Stabilises the elbow and abducts the ulna during pronation. |
[edit] Forearm
[edit] Anterior compartment
[edit] Superficial
[edit] Deep
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| pronator quadratus | medial, anterior surface of the ulna | lateral, anterior surface of the radius | anterior interosseous artery | median nerve (anterior interosseous nerve) | pronates the forearm | Supinator muscle |
| flexor digitorum profundus | ulna | distal phalanges | anterior interosseous artery | median (anterior interosseous), muscular branches of ulnar | flex hand, interphalangeal joints | Extensor digitorum muscle |
| flexor pollicis longus | The middle 2/4 of the volar [disambiguation needed] surface of the radius and the adjacent interosseus membrane. (Also occasionally a small origin slightly on the medial epicondyle of the ulna.) | The base of the distal phalanx of the thumb | Anterior interosseous artery | Anterior interosseous nerve (branch of median nerve) (C8, T1) | Flexion of the thumb | Extensor pollicis longus muscle, Extensor pollicis brevis muscle |
[edit] Posterior compartment
[edit] Superficial
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Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist brachioradialis Lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus Distal radius (Radial styloid process) radial recurrent artery radial nerve Flexion of forearm extensor carpi radialis longus lateral supracondylar ridge 2nd metacarpal radial artery radial nerve extensor at the wrist joint, abducts the hand at the wrist Flexor carpi radialis muscle extensor carpi radialis brevis humerus at the anterior of lateral epicondyle (common extensor tendon) base of the 3rd metacarpal radial artery deep branch of the radial nerve extensor and abductor of the hand at the wrist joint Flexor carpi radialis muscle
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| extensor digitorum | lateral epicondyle (common extensor tendon) | 2nd and 3rd phalanges | posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8) | extension of hand and fingers | Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle, Flexor digitorum profundus muscle | |
| extensor digiti minimi | the anterior portion of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus (common extensor tendon) | extensor expansion, located at the base of the proximal phalanx of the finger on the dorsal side | posterior interosseous artery which originates from the common interosseous artery and more proximally, the ulnar artery | posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8) | extends the little finger at all joints | Flexor digiti minimi brevis |
| extensor carpi ulnaris | Common extensor tendon (lateral epicondyle), ulna | 5th metacarpal | ulnar artery | posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8) | extends and adducts the wrist | Flexor carpi ulnaris |
[edit] Deep
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| supinator | Lateral epicondyle of the humerus, supinator crest of ulna, radial collateral ligament, annular ligament | Lateral proximal radial shaft | radial recurrent artery | posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8) | supinates forearm | Pronator teres, Pronator quadratus |
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| extensor indicis | ulna | index finger (extensor hood) | posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8) | extends index finger, wrist |
[edit] Hand
[edit] Lateral volar
[edit] Thenar
[edit] Medial volar
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| palmaris brevis | flexor retinaculum (medial), palmar aponeurosis | palm | superficial branch of ulnar nerve | wrinkle skin of palm |
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Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist abductor minimi digiti pisiform base of the proximal phalanx of the 5th digit on the ulnar or medial side ulnar artery deep branch of ulnar nerve Abduction of little finger flexor digiti minimi brevis hamate bone little finger ulnar artery deep branch of ulnar nerve flexes little finger Extensor digiti minimi muscle opponens digiti minimi Hook of hamate and flexor retinaculum Medial border of 5th metacarpal ulnar artery deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8 and T1) Draws 5th metacarpal anteriorly and rotates it, bringing little finger (5th digit) into opposition with thumb
[edit] Intermediate
[edit] Muscles of lower limb
[edit] Iliac region
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| Iliopsoas | iliac fossa (iliacus, sacrum (iliacus), spine (T12, L1, L2, L3, L4, L5) & intervertebral discs (psoas major, psoas minor) [8] | femur - lesser trochanter (psoas major/minor), shaft below lesser trochanter (iliacus), tendon of psoas major & femur (iliacus) [8] | medial femoral circumflex artery, iliolumbar artery | femoral nerve, Lumbar nerves L1, L2 | flexion of hip (psoas major/minor, iliacus), spine rotation (psoas major/minor) | Gluteus maximus, posterior compartment of thigh |
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Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist psoas major lower spine in the lesser trochanter of the femur Iliolumbar artery Lumbar plexus via anterior branches of L1, L2, L3[2] flexes and rotates laterally thigh Gluteus maximus psoas minor Side of T12+L1 and IV Disc between Pectineal line [disambiguation needed] and iliopectineal eminence L1 Weak trunk flexor Gluteus maximus iliacus iliac fossa lesser trochanter of femur medial femoral circumflex artery, Iliolumbar artery femoral nerve (L2, L3[2]) flexes and rotates laterally thigh Gluteus maximus
[edit] Buttocks
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| gluteals: |
| tensor fasciae latae | iliac crest | iliotibial tract | primarily lateral circumflex femoral artery, Superior gluteal artery | Superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5) | Thigh - flexion, medial rotation. Trunk stabilization. | |
| lateral rotator group: | at or below the acetabulum of the ilium | on or near the greater trochanter of the femur | Inferior gluteal artery, Lateral sacral artery, Superior gluteal artery | Obturator nerve, nerve to the Piriformis, nerve to quadratus femoris | lateral rotation of hip | Gluteus minimus muscle, Gluteus medius muscle |
[edit] Thigh
[edit] anterior compartment
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| sartorius | superior to the anterior superior iliac spine | medial side of the upper tibia in the pes anserinus | femoral artery | femoral nerve | flexion, lateral rotation and abduction of thigh; flexion and medial rotation of leg | |
| quadriceps femoris | combined rectus femoris and vastus muscles | Patella and Tibial tuberosity via the Patellar ligament | femoral artery | Femoral nerve | Knee extension; Hip flexion (R.Fem. only) | Hamstring |
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Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist rectus femoris anterior inferior iliac spine and the exterior surface of the bony ridge which forms the iliac portion of the acetabulum Patella and Tibial tuberosity via the Patellar ligament femoral artery femoral nerve knee extension; hip flexion Hamstring vastus lateralis Greater trochanter, Intertrochanteric line, and Linea aspera of the Femur Patella and Tibial tuberosity via the Patellar ligament femoral artery femoral nerve Extends and stabilizes knee Hamstring vastus intermedius antero/ lateral femur Patella and Tibial tuberosity via the Patellar ligament femoral artery femoral nerve extends knee Hamstring vastus medialis femur Patella and Tibial tuberosity via the Patellar ligament femoral artery femoral nerve extends knee Hamstring
| articularis genu | femur | suprapatellar bursa | femoral artery | femoral nerve | Pulling the suprapatellar bursa during extension of the knee. |
[edit] posterior compartment/hamstring
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| biceps femoris | tuberosity of the ischium, linea aspera, femur | the head of the fibula which articulates with the back of the lateral tibial condyle | inferior gluteal artery, perforating arteries, popliteal artery | long head: tibial nerve, short head: common peroneal nerve | flexes knee joint, laterally rotates knee joint (when knee is flexed), extends hip joint (long head only) | Quadriceps muscle |
| semitendinosus | tuberosity of the ischium | pes anserinus | inferior gluteal artery, perforating arteries | sciatic (tibial, L5, S1, S2) | flex knee, extend hip joint | Quadriceps muscle |
| semimembranosus | Ischial tuberosity | Medial surface of tibia | profunda femoris, gluteal artery [disambiguation needed] | sciatic nerve | Hip extension, Knee flexion | Quadriceps muscle |
[edit] medial compartment
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| adductor muscles of the hip | pubis | femur, tibia | obturator nerve | adduction of hip |
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Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist gracilis ischiopubic ramus tibia (pes anserinus) obturator artery anterior branch of obturator nerve flexes hip, knee pectineus pubis - superior pubic ramus Lesser trochanter, linea aspera Obturator artery Femoral nerve, sometimes obturator nerve Thigh - flexion, adduction, medial rotation adductor brevis anterior surface of the inferior ramus and body of the pubis the lesser trochanter and linea aspera of the femur Obturator artery obturator nerve adduction of hip adductor longus pubic body just below the pubic crest middle third of linea aspera obturator artery anterior branch of obturator nerve adduction of thigh adductor magnus pubis, tuberosity of the ischium femur Obturator artery posterior branch of obturator nerve (adductor) and sciatic nerve (hamstring)[9] adduction of hip
[edit] Leg
[edit] anterior compartment
[edit] posterior compartment
[edit] Superficial
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| triceps surae | achilles tendon, calcaneus | posterior tibial artery | tibial nerve | plantarflexion |
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Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist gastrocnemius femur calcaneus sural arteries tibial nerve from the sciatic, specifically, nerve roots S1, S2 plantarflexion, flexion of knee (minor) Tibialis anterior muscle soleus fibula, medial border of tibia (soleal line) tendo calcaneus sural arteries tibial nerve, specifically, nerve roots L5–S2 plantarflexion Tibialis anterior muscle
| plantaris | Lateral supracondylar ridge of femur above lateral head of gastrocnemius | Tendo calcaneus (medial side, deep to gastrocnemius tendon) | sural arteries | tibial nerve | Plantar flexes foot and flexes knee | Tibialis anterior muscle |
[edit] Deep
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| popliteus | middle facet of the lateral surface of the lateral femoral condyle | posterior tibia under the tibial condyle [disambiguation needed]s | popliteal artery | tibial nerve | Medial rotation and flexion of knee |
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Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist flexor hallucis longus fibula, posterior aspect of upper 1/3 base of distal phalanx of hallux Peroneal artery (peroneal branch of the posterior tibial artery tibial nerve, S1, S2 nerve roots flexes all joints of the Hallux, plantar flexion of the ankle joint Extensor hallucis longus muscle flexor digitorum longus medial tibia distal phalanges of lateral four digits posterior tibial artery Tibial nerve Primary action is Flex digits Extensor digitorum longus, Extensor digitorum brevis tibialis posterior tibia, fibula navicular, medial cuneiform posterior tibial artery tibial nerve inversion of the foot, plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle Tibialis anterior muscle
[edit] lateral compartment
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist | |
| longus | fibula | first metatarsal, medial cuneiform | fibular (peroneal) artery | superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve | plantarflexion, eversion | Tibialis anterior muscle | |
| brevis | fibula | fifth metatarsal | fibular (peroneal) artery | superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve | plantarflexion, eversion |
[edit] Foot
[edit] Dorsal
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| extensor digitorum brevis | calcaneus | toes | deep peroneal nerve | extends digits 2, 3, and 4 | Flexor digitorum longus, Flexor digitorum brevis | |
| extensor hallucis brevis | calcaneus | base of proximal phalanx of hallux | deep peroneal nerve | Extension of hallux | Flexor hallucis brevis muscle |
[edit] Plantar
[edit] 1st layer
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| abductor hallucis | medial process of calcaneus, flexor retinaculum [disambiguation needed], plantar aponeurosis | medial side of base of proximal phalanx of first digit | plantar nerve [disambiguation needed] | abducts hallux | Adductor hallucis muscle | |
| flexor digitorum brevis | medial process of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis, intermuscular septa [disambiguation needed] | middle phalanges of digits 2-5 | plantar nerve [disambiguation needed] | flexes lateral four toes | Extensor digitorum longus, Extensor digitorum brevis | |
| abductor digiti minimi | Plantar aponeurosis | Fifth toe or Phalanges | lateral plantar artery | lateral plantar nerve (S1, S2) | flex and abduct the fifth toe | Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle |
[edit] 2nd layer
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| quadratus plantae | Calcaneus | Tendons of Flexor Digitorum Longus | lateral plantar nerve (S1, S2) | Assists Flexor Digitorum Longus in flexion of DIP joints | ||
| lumbrical muscle | tendons of flexor digitorum longus | medial aspect of extensor expansion over lateral four digits | plantar nerve [disambiguation needed] | flex proximal phalanges and extend middle and distal phalanges of lateral four digits |
[edit] 3rd layer
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| flexor hallucis brevis | medial plantar nerve | flex hallux | Extensor hallucis longus muscle | |||
| adductor hallucis | plantar nerve [disambiguation needed] | adducts hallux | Abductor hallucis muscle | |||
| flexor digiti minimi brevis | fifth metatarsal bone | phalanx of the fifth toe | plantar nerve [disambiguation needed] | extend and adduct the fifth toe | Abductor digiti minimi muscle |
[edit] 4th layer
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
| dorsal interossei | plantar nerve [disambiguation needed] | abduct toes | Plantar interossei muscles | |||
| plantar interossei | metatarsals | proximal phalanges | plantar nerve [disambiguation needed] | adduct toes | Dorsal interossei of the foot |
[edit] Innervation overview
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